National Human Rights Commission

Pulchowk, Lalitpur

Estd. 2000

government

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Overview

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC – Rastriya Manav Adhikar Aayog) is Nepal’s independent body for the protection and promotion of human rights. Formed as a statutory institution in 2000, it later gained constitutional status under Article 131 of the Interim Constitution of Nepal (2007) and Article 248 of the Constitution of Nepal (2015). This shift strengthened its mandate, authority, and independence.

The NHRC works alongside, and distinct from, institutions such as the Supreme Court, the Office of the Attorney General, and other judicial and quasi-judicial bodies. It promotes and protects human rights nationwide and submits an annual report to the President of Nepal, which the Prime Minister presents to the Federal Parliament.

National Human Rights Commission NHRC Nepal

Core Mission and International Recognition

Guided by the motto “Human rights for all, at every household: basis of peace and development,” the NHRC strives to build everyday awareness and practice of human rights across Nepal. The Commission operates in line with the Paris Principles (1991), and holds “A” status accreditation from the Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions. Nepal’s election to the United Nations Human Rights Council further reflects its engagement with international human rights standards.

The Paris Principles and Composition of NHRC

The Paris Principles call for a pluralistic composition and transparent appointments to ensure broad representation. In Nepal, Articles 248 and 292 of the Constitution set the appointment process: the Constitutional Council recommends candidates, followed by Parliamentary hearings. This process is designed to select members with strong qualifications and a record of service in human rights or other national fields.

Qualifications for Membership

Prospective members must meet clear criteria, including demonstrated work in human rights or notable contributions in national sectors, a bachelor’s degree, and a minimum age requirement. Appointees are expected to be of high moral character and committed to advancing human rights.

Broad and Inclusive Mandate

The NHRC has a wide mandate to respect, promote, and protect human rights throughout Nepal. It can inquire into and investigate alleged violations and recommend legal or departmental action where appropriate. These powers align with the Paris Principles and are supported by constitutional and legislative guarantees that protect the Commission’s independence.

Key Functions and Responsibilities

Enforcement of Human Rights: Promote, protect, and support effective implementation of human rights.
Investigation and Inquiry: Investigate complaints of violations on its own initiative or upon receiving petitions.
Recommendations for Action: Advise departmental action against officials who fail in their duties and recommend legal proceedings against responsible individuals or organizations.
Collaboration with Civil Society: Work with civil society to increase public understanding and engagement on human rights.
Review and Recommend Legislation: Periodically assess human rights–related laws and recommend amendments or improvements to the Government of Nepal.
International Human Rights Compliance: Advise the government on fulfilling obligations under international human rights treaties and agreements.
Public Accountability: Where directives or recommendations are ignored, publish the names of responsible officials, persons, or bodies as human rights violators.

Educational and Awareness Initiatives

Beyond investigations and recommendations, the NHRC runs education and awareness programs—such as seminars, symposia, and conferences—to strengthen public understanding of human rights across communities and institutions.

Conclusion

The National Human Rights Commission of Nepal serves as an independent guardian of human rights. Through investigations, policy advice, public reporting, and collaboration with civil society, it helps ensure that human rights remain central to Nepal’s governance, peace, and development.